Publications & Presentations

@misc{2024NA-PULAs,

title = {Creating More Refined Pesticide Mitigation Areas Informed by Our Familiarity With Species Spatial Data in Support of Carbamate Biological Opinion Development},

author = {Christian, D. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Kern, M. (Balance EcoSolutions, LLC) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Kay, S. (Pyxis Regulatory Consulting, Inc) and Cowles, J. (Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.) and Henry, K. (Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/SETAC-NA-2024-PULAs-Carbamate-BO.pdf, View Presentation},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-20},

abstract = {Pesticide mitigation areas are designed to ensure a pesticide’s use will be protective of listed endangered or threatened species and their critical habitat. A species range can be geographically broad and can include areas unsuitable for habitat due to various environmental factors. There is a need to create more spatially refined pesticide mitigation areas (e.g., Pesticide Use Limitation Areas, PULAs) to better identify habitats where mitigation may be required. We have implemented a process during recent work with carbamates which has allowed us to explore more detailed habitat definitions to refine areas within a species range that, according to the most recent documentation from FWS, are required for a species’ continued recovery. We have worked to develop a “core map” representing locations of the species where mitigations are needed based on species range, critical habitat, known locations, and suitable habitat. We have focused on using the best publicly available spatial datasets in conjunction with the most recent FWS species documentation to build detailed core maps for a wide variety of endangered species. Experience has shown us that, while challenges with resources and uncertainty exist, this range refinement process is possible and valuable for assessment of risk to many endangered species. This presentation lays out the lessons learned and choices made while developing more refined pesticide mitigation areas, based on our extensive experience with species range, critical habitat, potentially suitable habitat and known locations in support of the carbamate BOs.},

keywords = {2024, Presentation, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2024NA-CSB,

title = {Refinements to Use Data Layers (UDLs) Used in Endangered Species Assessments of Pesticides},

author = {Insinga, L. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Kay, S. (Pyxis Regulatory Consulting, Inc)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/SETAC-NA-2024-CSB-Based-UDLs.pdf, View Presentation},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-20},

urldate = {2024-10-20},

abstract = {In their Endangered Species (ES) assessments for pesticides, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) use datasets called Use Data Layers (UDLs) to spatially delineate potential pesticide use sites. For agricultural uses, the UDLs are currently generated from the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Cropland Data Layer (CDL) raster dataset, which is created using a machine learning classification algorithm applied to satellite imagery, agricultural ground truth data, and other ancillary datasets. The current approach for generating agricultural UDLs sources 5 years of CDL datasets which are processed by grouping the more than 100 individual CDL cultivated classes into 13 general UDL classes. While this approach is robust, there are some challenges. One challenge with generating agricultural UDLs is the presence of “spurious pixels” or highly fragmented areas of the UDL that are known to be false-positive classifications (i.e., non-agricultural raster cells classified as agriculture) carried through from the source CDL dataset. The presence of spurious pixels can result in inaccurate estimations of co-occurrence between UDLs and listed species locations, and it is desirable to remove spurious pixels to the greatest extent possible. However, it is difficult to identify and filter spurious pixels in a programmatic way given the nature of the remotely sensed source dataset. Furthermore, it is undesirable to remove actual agriculture from the UDLs, which can occur if agricultural pixels are misidentified as spurious. To address this issue, we propose to mitigate the presence of spurious pixels by incorporating additional processing steps to generate more accurate UDLs. This method builds on the USDA’s refinement of the base raster CDL data into a vector Crop Sequence Boundary (CSB) dataset that uses publicly available data and employs a transparent yet efficient processing workflow. This new methodology virtually eliminates spurious pixels from the UDLs and provides the added benefit of significantly improved processing efficiency leading to a reduction in processing time from weeks for the original CDL based approach to overnight using the new CSB based approach.},

keywords = {2024, Presentation, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{NA24UDL,

title = {Non-Agricultural Use Data Layers: Options and Methodologies for Supporting ESA Overlap Analysis},

author = {LaRoe, J. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Kern, M. (Balance EcoSolutions, LLC) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/SETAC-NA-2024-NonAgricultural-Use-Data-Layers-Options-and-Methodologies.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-20},

urldate = {2024-10-20},

abstract = {Exposure assessments for Endangered Species have benefitted from quality spatial data on use sites for agricultural applications of pesticides. There is less development of available data for assessments in non-agricultural settings where pesticides are applied and need to be assessed, like forests, railroads, golf courses, parks, and other commercially managed vegetation. The emphasis on agricultural use sites has produced refined methodologies as well as defined and delineated data sets (e.g., Use Data Layers). However, there is ambiguity within non-agricultural uses in terms of delineating potential use sites and developing robust and comprehensive spatial datasets, particularly at national scales. Recent advancements in data processing/platforms along with the scale and extent of available spatial data present an opportunity to develop more comprehensive datasets for non-agricultural overlap analyses (relationship of use sites to species habitats). We have created customized approaches leveraging detailed datasets, like Open Street Map, to help fill this data gap. We incorporated additional information from other sources, such as historical high resolution aerial imagery, to support boundary editing and refinement of application areas. We present a combination of data sources and methods that can be tailored to curate data for specific objectives, tools and strategies to refine potential exposure for non-agricultural scenarios, as well as applied examples using golf courses, railroad vegetation management, and forests.},

keywords = {2024, Poster, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{EU24xOffFieldSoil,

title = {A Spatiotemporally Explicit Modeling Approach for Exposire and Risk Assessment of Off-field Soil Organisms},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Schad, T. (Bayer CropScience) and Bub, S. (Rheinland‐Pfälzische Technische Universität) and Wang, M. (WSC Scientific GmbH) and Hammel, K. (Bayer AG)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SETAC-EU-2024-xOffFieldSoil.pdf, View Poster

https://github.com/xlandscape/xOffFieldSoilRisk, GitHub Repository},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-05},

urldate = {2024-05-05},

abstract = {Natural and semi-natural habitats of soil living organisms in cultivated landscapes can be subject to unintended exposure by active substances of pesticides used in adjacent fields. Spray-drift deposition and runoff are considered major exposure routes into such off-field areas. In this work we develop a model (xOffFieldSoil) and associated scenarios to estimate exposure of off-field soil habitats at flexible levels of realism (https://github.com/xlandscape/xOffFieldSoilRisk). The modular approach consists of components each addressing a specific aspect of exposure processes, e.g., pesticide use, drift deposition, runoff generation and filtering, and PECsoil estimation. The approach is spatiotemporally explicit and operates at scales ranging from local edge-of-field to large landscapes. The outcome can be aggregated and presented as comprehensible endpoints to the risk assessor, considering ecologically relevant dimensions and scales for species protection. The approach also assesses the effect of mitigation options, e.g., field margins, in-field buffers, or drift-reducing technology. Presented scenarios start with a schematic edge-of-field situation and extend to real-world landscapes of up to 5 km x 5 km. A case study was conducted for two active substances of different environmental fate characteristics. Results are presented as a collection of percentiles over time and space, as contour plots and as maps. The results show that exposure patterns of off-field soil organisms are of a complex nature due to spatial and temporal variabilities combined with landscape structure and event-based processes. Our concepts and preliminary analysis demonstrate that more realistic exposure data can be meaningfully consolidated to serve in standard-tier risk assessments. The real-world landscape-scale scenarios indicate risk hot-spots which support the identification of efficient risk mitigation. As a next step, the spatiotemporally explicit exposure data can be directly coupled to ecological effect models (e.g., for earthworms or collembola) to conduct risk assessments at biological entity levels.},

keywords = {2024, Poster, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{EU24STP,

title = {Estimating Marine Chemical Emissions from Discharges of Sewage Treatment Plants Directly and from Freshwater Rivers},

author = {Insinga, L. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Hodges, J. (Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SETAC-EU-2024-Marine-Exposure-Model.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-05},

urldate = {2024-05-05},

abstract = {Changes in demographics are leading to greater urbanization and higher coastal populations which in turn is increasing the need to better understand chemical loading into coastal and marine environments. Many Home and Personal Care Products (HPCPs) are disposed of down the drain by the consumer, whereupon the ingredients typically are released into freshwater rivers having passed through upstream sewage treatment plants (STPs). Further transport to the marine environment can take place. However, there is a currently paucity of approaches to adequately estimate the extent of this emission route into the environment.



Following on from previous work from our group estimating chemical mass discharged directly into marine environments, here we present an approach which utilizes data on hydrologic travel distance/time for inland STPs combined with estimated aquatic half-lives to estimate emissions from upstream STPs into rivers flowing to coastal areas.



We have developed a spatially explicit fate and transport model to estimate emissions into the marine environment across 88 countries. This global model utilizes the HydroAtlas river dataset and covers 44,000 STPs in 34 countries which discharge into both freshwater and coastal waters directly. Ingredient mass discharged from freshwater STPs was estimated using hydrologic routing from the STP and estimated aquatic half-lives to the coastal discharge location. Discharged mass and percent of mass reaching the coast can then be calculated.

Resulting information can be used to refine emission estimates of ingredients into marine environments based on population demographics, disposal scenarios, and STP hydrologic distance to the coast. Results can also be used to inform more refined marine exposure modelling for risk assessment purposes.},

keywords = {2024, Poster, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{EU24PWC+,

title = {Promoting Defensible Science in Aquatic Exposure Estimation by Integrating Landscape-Level Data into US Endangered Species Assessments},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Insinga, L. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Kay, S. (Pyxis Regulatory Consulting, Inc) and Kern, M. (Balance EcoSolutions, LLC) and Henry, K. (Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SETAC-EU-2024-PWCPlus.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-05},

urldate = {2024-05-05},

abstract = {Prospective aquatic exposure modeling is a key component of the assessment of potential jeopardy of endangered species during the preparation of a risk assessment related to federal US pesticide (re)registration. The “Biological Evaluation” prepared by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) provides the foundation of aquatic exposure estimates using well-established pesticide fate and transport models applied to a standardized set of crop/soil/weather scenarios. Exposure estimates are based on 30 years of model simulation representing labeled uses of the pesticide assuming maximum application rates, maximum number of applications, and minimum re-application intervals, as well as assuming treated crop is adjacent to the aquatic environment. This modeling forms the basis from which subsequent refinements incorporating spatial, temporal, and pesticide usage variability can be applied. Further refinement of the screening-level modeling is essential to more accurately inform the weight of evidence process used by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service to determine species jeopardy in the next stage of the assessment, the “Biological Opinion”.

To support this refinement, we present a highly efficient, quantitative approach that builds on the USEPA’s aquatic modeling by increasing the spatial/temporal context and resolution of exposure estimates to species of interest and producing well-defined and reproducible species-specific estimated aquatic concentrations. Utilizing data for each species, a set of high-resolution catchments, landscape-based crop proximity and density, and pesticide usage, inputs were processed to produce landscape-level exposure concentrations suitable for aggregation at multiple spatial scales appropriate for the species being examined. These refinements show that aquatic concentrations based on screening level assumptions of pesticide use and hypothetical water body scenarios may occur at some locations at limited times, but they are far less likely to occur within species range/habitat than is assumed in the screening-level risk assessments.

The methodologies presented are a quantitative approach to refining aquatic exposure estimates that incorporate variations in landscape and agronomic practices near endangered species locations and provide essential information to help inform localized mitigations for individual species across specific use patterns.},

keywords = {2024, Poster, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{EU23MAF,

title = {Addressing the Impact of the Mixture Allocation Factor (MAF) on Environmental Risk Assessment: Refining Regulatory Exposure Predictions Using Spatial Data and Modelling Approaches},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Insinga, L. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Hodges, J. (Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre) and Bietz, J. (Clariant Produkte GmbH) and Beuter, L. (Nouryon AB) and Schowanek, D. (Procter & Gamble) and Dawich, J. (Innospec Limited) and Maloney, E.M. (Shell Global Solutions International BV) and Geurts, M. (Nouryon Chemicals B.V.) and Wilhelm, S. (BASF Personal Care & Nutrition GbmH) and Vitale, C.M. (Procter & Gamble) and Anselmo, H. (Global Safety Assurance, Reckitt)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SETAC-EU-2024-ERASM-gridded-MAF.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-05},

urldate = {2024-05-05},

abstract = {Under the Chemical Strategy for Sustainability (CSS), the European Commission has proposed the use of a mixture allocation factor (MAF) to address uncertainties and risks associated with unintentional chemical mixtures in the environment. Currently it is thought that a MAF may need to be applied to all single chemical registrations for the higher tonnage bands. It is expected that additional exposure and/or effect data generation will be needed for the risk assessment, and in some cases further risk management measures may be required to ensure environmental safety.



The European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES), also accessed via the CHESAR v1 tool is the standard model to determine exposure in support of chemical safety assessments (CSAs) under REACH. In the spirit of continuously refining safety assessments and models, we envisage an opportunity to update exposure model background data in EUSES/CHESAR in line with the evolution of wastewater treatment infrastructure in EU, and availability of better spatial datasets.  This would ensure that regulatory modelling remains aligned with most updated data available and the situation in the field.



In this work we explore field data and spatially explicit modelling approaches, some of which are probabilistic, in order to compare them with the current EUSES default parameters. We developed a spatially explicit model which applied the EUSES PEC calculation to estimate environmental concentrations at freshwater discharge locations of almost 22,000 European Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWWTPs). Specifically, using publicly available data, we examined per capita water use, UWWTP connectivity and local UWWTP dilution factors to generate EU-wide distributions and to place these in context with default EUSES values.



We demonstrate that spatially explicit exposure models are feasible for use in regulatory modelling and can give more realistic predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). Case studies have been performed comparing PEClocal values for freshwater using CHESAR v1 including both the current default data and the spatial approach.  We expect that higher tier exposure data will be increasingly needed to ascertain that risk quotients remain acceptable even with a MAF applied.},

keywords = {2024, Poster, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{EU24birds,

title = {Spatial Approaches to Field Study Characterisation and Representativeness to Address EFSA Guidance on the Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals},

author = {LaRoe, J. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Schad, T. (Bayer CropScience)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SETAC-EU-2024-Birds-and-mammals.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-05},

urldate = {2024-05-05},

abstract = {New EFSA guidance on the Risk assessment for Birds and Mammals includes updates relating to the improvement of terrestrial vertebrate (TV) field studies for use in risk assessment of Plant Protection Products containing pesticide active substances. Within the guidance, two concepts are discussed: Field Study Characterisation and Field Study Representativeness. To address these concepts, a past terrestrial vertebrate field study was assessed and updated to address the new guidance needs for characterisation and representativeness.



Field study characterisation involved collection and analysis of spatial data available for the study area and relevant to the species, including agricultural fields, grasslands, woody vegetation, forest, water/riparian areas. Percent area metrics were generated for several distances around the study fields, as well as examination of high-resolution imagery suitable for expert evaluation. Weather conditions during the field study were compared against 30-year monthly norms to verify the study year was not outside of expected variation from long-term averages.



Field study representativeness was assessed at multiple scales, including EU, EFSA zone and Member State. The potential for species interaction between “habitat” (a proxy defined by spatial land cover data) with “use sites” (assumed treated fields by crop type derived from agricultural maps) was processed using gridded spatial data at a resolution of 10m. Shared border between habitat and use sites served as an interaction indicator summarized at the 1-km scale (i.e., how many of the 10mx10m use site grid cells were adjacent to habitat cells). The 1-km scale is suitable for further aggregation at various sizes based on species attributes. In this case, local landscape interactions were assessed by developing “scenarios” a 5kmx5km summation of the interaction indicator which was quantified across all EU member states.



The scenario(s) encompassing the study fields were placed into the full distribution of all possible scenarios (EU, EFSA zone, Member State) to assess the study location relative to all possible use site / habitat interactions (i.e., possible field study locations). The quantitative approaches developed here can also be used to prepare upcoming generic terrestrial vertebrate field study designs and support optimized study site selection to meet the new EFSA guidance requirements.},

keywords = {2024, Poster, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{EMPM2023pwc,

title = {PWC-PREP Tool: A user-friendly tool to facilitate preparation of label-compliant Pesticide in Water Calculator (PWC) batch input files},

author = {Insinga, L. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Kay, S. (Pyxis Regulatory Consulting, Inc) and Desmarteau, D. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc.) },

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EMPM-2023-PWC-Prep-Tool.pdf, View Presentation},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-10},

urldate = {2023-10-10},

abstract = {The USEPA’s Pesticide in Water Calculator (PWC) simulates pesticide applications to land surfaces and subsequent transport to and fate in waterbodies.  When using PWC, one significant issue is accurately modeling pesticides as they typically have diverse uses and restrictions that vary based on the use site, region, and time of year.  These uses and restrictions are codified in the product label and can be highly interrelated with many permutations of potential applications. Therefore, defining conservative yet label-compliant use-patterns can be difficult and time consuming.  Failure to account for all labeled agronomic restrictions including total pesticide amount applied and number of application limitations on an annual and interval specific (e.g., pre-emergence or post-emergence) basis, as well as multiple application rates with rate-specific limitations (i.e., number of applications and temporal windows), minimum reapplication intervals, and pre-harvest intervals can lead to modeling of non-label-compliant or unrealistic application use patterns.  In addition, efforts to ensure modeling is conservative (e.g., simulation of applications during wettest months of the year for ESA assessments, or maximizing total amount applied in a year) can significantly complicate application date assignment logic.  To address these difficulties, the Generic Endangered Species Task Force (GESTF) has developed the PWC-PREP Tool to facilitate batch file preparation for PWC modeling.  Specifically, the PWC-PREP Tool features a robust algorithm that generates label-compliant application dates and rates for a wide variety of use sites, regions, and chemicals.  Leveraging a graphical user interface, the tool is highly configurable and allows the user to control modeling parameters related to application methods, drift factors, agronomic restrictions, and date-assignment. The PWC-PREP Tool to has been successfully used to efficiently parameterize a national set of PWC runs (n > 30,000) that follow label instructions in a manner that is transparent and can be repeated.},

keywords = {2023, EMPM, Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{EU2023Heterogeneity,

title = {Heterogeneity in Biological Assemblages and Exposure in Chemical Risk Assessment: Exploring Capabilities and Challenges in Methodology with Two Landscape-Scale Case Studies},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Maltby, L. (The University of Sheffield) and Sweeney, P. (Syngenta) and Thorbek, P. (BASF) and Otte, J.C. (BASF) and Marshall, S. (Consultant, UK)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/SETAC-EU-2023-4.01.P-Mo263-Geo-ref-TF.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-30},

urldate = {2023-04-30},

keywords = {2023, Poster, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2023EUScenario,

title = {Using Remote Sensing Methods to Characterize Grassland Landscapes for Scenario Development and Biodiversity Assessment},

author = {LaRoe, J. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Schad, T. (Bayer AG)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/SETAC-EU-2023-GrasslandPoster-final.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-30},

urldate = {2023-04-30},

keywords = {2023, Poster, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{NA2022Grassland,

title = {Using Remote Sensing Methods to Characterize Grassland Landscapes and Management Practices for Ecological Health Investigations},

author = {LaRoe, J. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Schad, T. (Bayer AG)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/SETAC-NA-2022-Characterize-Grassland.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-13},

urldate = {2022-11-13},

keywords = {2022, Poster, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{NA2022INHABIT,

title = {INHABIT for Broad-Scale Assessment of Invasive Terrestrial Vegetation Species},

author = {LaRoe, J. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/SETAC-NA-2022-INHABIT.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-13},

urldate = {2022-11-13},

keywords = {2022, Poster, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{NA2022Bee,

title = {Scenario Development for Bee Risk Assessment and Health Modelling},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Schad, T. (Bayer AG) and Preuss, T. (University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/SETAC-NA-2022-BeeForage.pdf, View Poster},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-13},

urldate = {2022-11-13},

keywords = {2022, Poster, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2021EUFR,

title = {Comprehensive Characterization of Agricultural Proximity to Surface Water in France},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Insinga, L. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Sweeney, P. (Syngenta) and Loiseau, L. (Syngenta AG) and Johnson, D. (Syngenta)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SETAC-EU-2021-FRmaize-extended-abstract.pdf, Extended abstract

https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SETAC-EU-2021-FR-proximity-final.pdf, Presentation slides

https://youtu.be/I2DOn-g2UeY, Presentation video

},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-02},

urldate = {2021-05-02},

organization = {Syngenta, Jeallot’s Hill, Bracknell, UK},

keywords = {2021, Presentation, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2021EU2study,

title = {Increasing Ecological Relevance of Chemical Risk Assessments Using Geospatial Approaches: Results From Two Case Studies},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Marshall, S. (Consultant, UK) and Maltby, L. (The University of Sheffield) and Sweeney, P. (Syngenta) and Thorbek, P. (BASF) and Otte, J.C. (BASF)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SETAC-EU-2021-ECETOC-extended-abstract.pdf, Extended abstract

https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SETAC-EU-2021-ECETOC-platform-final.pdf, Presentation slides

https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SETAC-EU-2021-ECETOC-platform-final.pdf, Surfactant case study poster

https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SETAC-EU-2021-ECETOC-PPP-case-study-poster-final.pdf, PPP case study poster

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdxQrdubIs8, Presentation video},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-02},

urldate = {2021-05-02},

keywords = {2021, Poster, Presentation, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2021EUEarthEE,

title = {Landscape Characterization with Google Earth Engine: Functionality Supporting High Resolution Spatiotemporal Analyses Using Satellite Imagery},

author = {Holmes, C.E. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University) and Löw, F. and Schad, T. (Bayer CropScience) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/SETAC-EU-2021-Earth-Engine-extended-abstract-final.pdf, Extended abstract

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsUPxFrjZos, Presentation video},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-02},

urldate = {2021-05-02},

keywords = {2021, Presentation, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2021EUGrass,

title = {Grassland Management Change Over 25 Years: A Landscape Analysis Using Remote Sensing},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Pritsolas, J. (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) and Pearson, R. (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) and Butts-Wilmsmeyer, C. (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) and Schad, T. (Bayer CropScience)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SETAC-EU-2021-Grassland-extended-abstract.pdf, Extended abstract

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ-WS-4W-BY, Presentation video},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-02},

urldate = {2021-05-02},

keywords = {2021, Presentation, SETAC Europe},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2021Micro,

title = {Prospective Modelling of Microplastic Exposure in Freshwater Systems},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SETAC-MP-Seminar-4-Holmes-Freshwater-modeling-of-MPs.pdf, View Presentation},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-25},

urldate = {2021-03-25},

abstract = {Understanding the sources, emissions and environmental fate of plastics is a challenge being examined in parallel with empirical methods of microplastic detection, characterization and quantification. Freshwater systems are increasingly being identified as significant sources of microplastics within the marine environment. Plastics can enter freshwater systems from many sources, such as direct emission (e.g., watsewater treatment plants), via runoff from land surfaces (e.g., urban stormwater, road washoff, agricultural land), air deposition, and direct entry of macroplastics from mismanaged waste/recycling. This presentation will discuss aspects related to the entry, fate and transport of microplastics in riverine environments, and how prospective exposure modelling can help provide information to support subsequent exposure and risk assessment. The scientific body of knowledge related to microplastic exposure, effects and potential risk continues to expand. And as with management of other substances entering the environment, good science should be our guiding principle to inform any decision making process.},

keywords = {2021, Presentation, SETAC Virtual Seminars},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2020NAIE,

title = {Informing Effects Modeling Using Historic Changes in Habitat Derived from Remote Sensing},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Pearson, R. (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) and Pritsolas, J. (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) and Butts-Wilmsmeyer, C. (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) and Schad, T. (Bayer CropScience)},

url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvEMOeC50mw, Presentatio video},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-15},

urldate = {2020-11-15},

abstract = {Ecological effects modeling for population or community level environmental risk assessment seeks to describe the interactions of biological, chemical, environmental and anthropogenic factors in relation to stressor-response relationships. Changes in landscape over time can play a large role in habitat suitability and species occurrence, important aspects in population-level modeling. Landscape change can be assessed from retrospective analyses or predictive efforts based on models or assumptions.



This presentation describes novel remote sensing image processing methods used to capture landscape-level changes in grassland extent and management within a 300 km2 area over a 25-year period near Krefeld, Germany. Over 150 satellite images were acquired from NOAA’s Landsat program spanning 1989 to 2013 from all seasons. Images within each year were normalized for atmospheric and illumination variation to focus on vegetation changes due to plant structure and vigor using different vegetation indices based on visible and infra-red wavelengths.



Four groups of grassland fields were identified using a k-means clustering algorithm based on spectral information. In several groups, periods of distinct increase in vegetation biomass (defined by vegetation indices) could indicate changes in grassland management practices over that time from natural grassland cycles to include more intensive management activities (e.g., fertilization, more frequent cutting, silage production). Other groups showed relative consistency across time.



All data used in this study are geographically referenced and processed in a Geographic Information System (GIS). These data are suitable for spatially-explicit landscape-level ecological modeling efforts exploring the multitude of stressors that may impact biological communities over time. This is especially important for retrospective modeling studies where ecological models are used to explain empirically derived data over time (e.g., sampling of insect counts and biomass). Grassland areas are important habitat for some groups of insects and understanding historic changes in grassland extent and management provides a key factor in the study of landscape-level ecological effects modeling. We have demonstrated the feasibility and applicability of utilizing information from freely available satellite image archives for habitat characterization of historic landscape patterns and changes over a 25-year period.},

keywords = {2020, Presentation, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2020NAAB,

title = {Advancing Beyond the Draft Biological Evaluation of Carbaryl for Federally Listed Species},

author = {Kern, M. (Balance EcoSolutions, LLC) and Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Kay, S. (Pyxis Regulatory Consulting, Inc) and Cowles, J. (Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.) and Henry, K. (Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.)},

url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pw_V_MXP3f8, Presentation video},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-15},

urldate = {2020-11-15},

abstract = {The Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires federal agencies to ensure that their actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence, nor destroy or adversely modify the designated critical habitat, of species listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA. For pesticides, a Biological Evaluation (BE) is conducted by the EPA as a first step in the ESA assessment.  If EPA’s BE determines a pesticide may affect a listed species or its designated critical habitat, EPA must initiate consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or the National Marine Fisheries Service (Services) depending on which agency has jurisdiction over the species.



On March 17, 2020, EPA posted to the Federal Register (FRL-10006-38) the release of their draft Biological Evaluation (BE) assessing potential risks to listed species from labeled uses of carbaryl. In parallel, the EPA posted a Revised Method document (EPA-HQ-OPP-2019-0195) detailing updated methods for conducting a BE. The revised methods include the use of actual pesticide usage data and distribution of treated acres, alternate assumptions for species population numbers, probabilistic approaches, and a weight-of-evidence framework for making effect determinations.    As noted in the BE, the methods used in these analyses continue to evolve over time.



To further support this advancement, case studies implementing the Revised Methods were conducted to understand and evaluate the approaches used in the draft BE for carbaryl.  To increase the reliability and relevance of the assessment, this work also considered additional methods and lines of evidence to reduce uncertainty.  Central to this approach is analyzing potential impacts to a species for individual use patterns and including species specific information. The transparency and availability of information from the full BE analysis is critical to support the Services in jeopardy determinations.  The case studies demonstrate the need to bring as many relevant and realistic lines of evidence into the assessment as early as possible to help advance the evaluation of risk to listed species and inform the development of the Biological Opinion (BO) for carbaryl.},

keywords = {2020, Presentation, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2020NAMarine,

title = {Marine Emissions From Municipal Treatment Plants: Refining Our Understanding and Defining Spatial Variability at a Global Scale},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Tandy, E. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Schleicher, Z. (Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville) and Kilgallon, J. (Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre) and Speirs, L. (Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre) and Hodges, J. (Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre)},

url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3L-9_ySzmo, Presentation video},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-15},

urldate = {2020-11-15},

abstract = {Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides, and ingredients in home and personal care products are often disposed  of via waste water. This can lead to exposure of aquatic ecosystems through discharge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Aquatic exposure models primarily focus on freshwater systems and often address marine exposures simply as a variation of a freshwater scenario (e.g., by increasing the dilution factor). However, the average population density in coastal areas is now twice the world’s average population density, and many of the world’s coasts are becoming increasingly urban (14 of the world’s 17 largest cities are coastal located). Thus developing a better understanding of marine emissions is thus becoming increasingly important.



The aim of this research is to develop and analyze a global-scale dataset focusing on marine emissions (i.e., near shore coastal waters) with the goal of understanding what fraction of the population in coastal areas may be discharging directly to marine environments. The ultimate goal is to couple this information with environmental exposure models using spatially-explicit information on substance uses, pathways to the environment, and eventual fate in aquatic ecosystems.



Information on WWTP location, population served, and effluent flow were collected for 44,000 WWTPs across seven case studies (AU, BR, CA, EU, MX, SG, and US) covering all four hemispheres (North/South, East/West) for over one billion people. WWTPs were attributed as discharging to coastal waters (CW) from source data or analysis of receiving waterbody. Spatial analysis showed that WWTPs for 27% of the population served are within 10km of the coast. Global hydrologic data were used to identify 50,000 basins with the potential to discharge to coastal waters. Basins within our seven case studies were analyzed to characterize the WWTPs and population in terms of CW discharge. Of the 258,000 people in these coastal basins served by WWTPs, 50% are served by WWTPs discharging to coastal waters. Spatial population data were used to characterize coastal basins globally, with results extrapolated to other countries, to assess the potential for marine emissions using data on basins, distance to coast, gridded population, and urban delineations.



This is a novel step forward in understanding potential global-scale marine emissions from WWTPs with the goal of balancing realism and practical applicability in environmental safety programs.},

keywords = {2020, Presentation, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2019NAWWTP,

title = {Modeling Aquatic and Terrestrial Transport Pathways for Microplastics Entering WWTP Systems},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Amos, J. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc) and Dyer, S. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/SETAC-NA-Particle-model-poster-01Nov2019.pdf, View poster},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-03},

urldate = {2019-11-03},

abstract = {Microplastics may enter the environment from a number of sources and in many forms.  Plastic particles may be present as influent into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).  A large portion of these are removed from the water phase during the treatment process, and generally end up in the solids (i.e., sludge). Sludge disposal varies by country, region and locality, including landfill, incinerator, compost, or as land-applied biosolids. There is potential for particles in biosolid applications to reach aquatic systems depending on application location and subsequent environmental conditions.  We present a broad-scale model designed to estimate emissions and model the fate of plastic particles exiting WWTPs into the terrestrial and aquatic environments, using spatially-explicit information on WWTPs, river hydrology and terrestrial transport potential. This regional/continental scale model is based on publicly available datasets and contained in a modular and transparent framework which is scalable and portable to multiple geographies.  This presentation will demonstrate the utility of the model as applied to different regions, and how the resulting information about ultimate mass disposition within the environment (e.g., soil, freshwater, sediment, marine) and surface water concentrations can be examined to help inform the discussion about prospectively assessing the presence and concentration of microplastic particles in the environment as emitted by WWTPs.},

keywords = {2019, Poster, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2019NAPest,

title = {Sources, Characteristics and Opportunities for Pesticide Use and Usage Information Applied to Listed Species Risk Assessment},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and Amos, J. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc) and Snyder, N. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc) and Kern, M. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc) and Cowles, J. (Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.) and Henry, K. (Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SETAC-NA-GESTF-Usage-poster-01Nov2019.pdf, View poster},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-03},

urldate = {2019-11-03},

abstract = {The challenges inherent in national-level pesticide endangered species risk assessments are many, varied and have been the topic of meetings, workshops, presentations and publications for many years. One challenge is the identification and incorporation of pesticide usage information in the risk assessment process.  Pesticide “usage” differs from pesticide “use”, where “use” is defined by registered labels and describes limits on how the pesticide may be applied (i.e., maximum rates and number of applications), while “usage” describes documented applications with specific information on each individual event. Incorporating usage information into the risk characterization during the Biological Evaluation and Biological Opinion development process is an area of renewed interest. This poster will describe several sources of pesticide usage information (e.g., USDA Agricultural Chemical Use Program, CA DPR Pesticide Use Reporting), and how relevant field-level pesticide application information can be extracted.  Examples will be given showing how these data can be utilized to refine our understanding of specific active ingredients and their associated spatial and temporal variation across use areas, and how this can inform the exposure analysis within each Step of the ESA consultation process.},

keywords = {2019, Poster, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2019PSC,

title = { Tiers for Fears: Applying Fit-for-Purpose Risk Assessment in Environmental Stewardship},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Applied Analysis Solutions, LLC) and DeLeo, P. (Integral Consulting, Inc) and Kransler, K. (SI Group) and Carrar, A. (Kao Corporation)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PS2019-Tiers-for-Fears_Session-2-Holmes.pdf, View Presentation},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-09-10},

urldate = {2019-09-10},

abstract = {Proper environmental stewardship of products necessitates an understanding of materials in use and potential impacts to humans and wildlife from environmental releases. However, there are limits to resources that may be devoted to such efforts. The trick is in knowing How much is enough? A tiered risk assessment methodology uses an iterative approach of increasingly sophisticated investigation for those instances where the substance assessment requires additional information. This session will discuss the tiered assessment paradigm as it applies to environmental hazards and exposures, and present methods and models used to refine our understanding of potential risk. For example, environmental releases can occur during various stages of a product's life-cycle such as manufacture, use and disposal. Screening and higher-tier exposure and fate models used to predict environmental concentrations will be discussed. Likewise, the spectrum of hazard data acquisition will be explored from use of existing data directly or through read-across, computational methods, laboratory investigations and field studies. Case studies will be presented illustrating real-world application of these methods across diverse chemistries and products.},

keywords = {2019, Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

@misc{2018Toolbox,

title = {A New Tool for the Toolbox: Predicting Multi-Pathway Emission and Fate of Contaminants Entering Freshwater Systems in Europe},

author = {Holmes, C.M. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc) and Amos, J. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc) and Ritter, A. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc) and Williams, M. (Waterborne Environmental, Inc)},

url = {https://appliedanalysis.solutions/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SETAC_NA_2018_Multipathway.pdf, View poster

https://www.waterborne-env.com/wp-content/uploads/MP068_Holmes_Multipathway_final.pdf, Poster originally available from Waterborne Environmental},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-04},

urldate = {2018-11-04},

organization = {SETAC North America},

keywords = {2018, Poster, SETAC North America},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}